1. In the days when the world was supposed to have endured for only a few thousand years, it was supposed that the different species of plants and animals were fixed and final; they had all been created exactly as they are today, each species by itself. But as men began to discover and study the Record of the Rocks this belief gave place to the suspicion that many species had changed and developed slowly through the course of ages, and this again expanded into a belief in what is called Organic Evolution, a belief that all species of life upon Earth, animal and vegetable alike, are descended by slow continuous processes of change from some very simple ancestral form of life, some almost structureless living substance, far back in the so-called Azoic seas.
vocabulary
1. be supposed to ~ : ~하기로 예상되는/약속된/, ~해야 하는
2. endure: put up with, tolerate
3. different: various, a diversity of
4. final: last, ultimate
5. by oneself: alone
6. give place to ~ : ~에게 자리를 내주다
7. suspicion: doubt
8. organic: 유기체의, 생명체의
9. evolution: the gradual development of the characteristics of plants and animals over many
generations, especially the development of more complicated forms from earlier, simpler forms
10. species: 종(種)
11. expand: become or make something greater in size, number or importance
12. descend: come or go down be descended from ~: have ~ as an ancestor
13. ancestral: belonging to or inherited from one's ancestors ancestor n.
14. Azoic: 무생물 시대의
구문
1. In the days when the world was supposed to have endured for
the days를 수식하는 관계부사절
only a few thousand years, it was supposed that the different
it은 가주어 that절은 진주어
species of plants and animals were fixed and final
2. the suspicion that many species had changed and developed slowly
the suspicion과 that절은 동격임.
through the course of ages
3. this again expanded into a belief in what is called Organic
두 가지 a belief는 동격임. what is called Organic
Evolution은 관계대명사절임.
Evolution, a belief that all species of life upon Earth, animal and
a belief와 that all species이하 끝까지는 동격임.
vegetable alike, are descended by slow continuous processes of
change from some very simple ancestral form of life, some almost
some very simple ancestral form of life와 some almost
structureless living substance는 동격임.
structureless living substance, far back in the so-called Azoic sea
2. This question of Organic Revolution, like the question of the age of the earth, has in the past been the subject of much bitter controversy. There was a time when a belief in organic evolution was for rather obscure reasons supposed to be incompatible with sound Christian, Jewish, and Moslem doctrine. That time has passed, and men of the most orthodox Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Mohammedan belief are now free to accept this newer and broader view of a common origin of all living things. No life seems to have happened suddenly upon earth. Life grew and grows. Age by age, through gulfs of time at which imagination reels, life has been growing from a mere stirring in the intertidal slime towards freedom, power, and consciousness.
vocabulary
1. subject: a thing or person that is being discussed or described; a topic or a theme
2. bitter: feeling or showing great anger or dislike
3. controversy: public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about something which many
people disagree about or are shocked by controversial a.
4. rather: a little
5. incompatible: not consistent or in logical agreement with ↔ compatible
6. obscure: not easily or clearly seen or understood
7. sound: in good condition, reliable, full and complete
8. orthodox: generally accepted or approved, of a normal or usual type
9. origin: starting point, source
10. suddenly: all of a sudden, abruptly
11. gulf: a wide deep crack or gap in the ground
12. reel: move in a very unsteady way because one is drunk or has been hit
13. intertidal: 조수 간의 tide: 조수(潮水)
14. slime: 점액
15. consciousness: awareness conscious a.
구문
1. There was a time when a belief in organic evolution was for
when이하 끝까지는 a time을 수식하는 관계부사절임.
rather obscure reasons supposed to be incompatible with sound
Christian, Jewish, and Moslem doctrine
2. Age by age, through gulfs of time at which imagination reels,
at which imagination reels는
gulfs of time을 수식하는 관계대명사절임.
life has been growing from a mere stirring in the intertidal slime
from A towards B의 구문임.
towards freedom, power, and consciousness
3. Life consists of individuals. These individuals are definite things, they are not like the lumps and masses, nor even the limitless and motionless crystals, of non-living matter, and they have two characteristics no dead matter possesses. They can assimilate other matter into themselves and make it part of themselves, and they can reproduce themselves. They eat and they breed. They can give rise to other individuals, for the most part like themselves, but always also a little different from themselves. There is a specific and family resemblance between an individual and its offspring, and there is an individual difference between every parent and every offspring and every offspring it produces and this is true in every species and at every stage of life.
vocabulary
1. consist of ~: be made up of, comprise, be composed of
2. definite: clear, that cannot be doubted
3. mass: a large quantity of something
4. characteristic: special quality, feature
5. possess: have, own
6. assimilate: absorb
7. reproduce oneself: 번식하다, 자식/새끼를 낳다, breed
8. breed: produce young ones
9. give rise to ~: produce, cause, result in, bring about
10. for the most part: 대부분, mostly
11. specific: detailed and exact, relating one particular thing,
not general
12. resemblance resemble v.: take after, look like
13. offspring: child or children of a particular person or couple
14. species: 종(種)
15. stage: step
구문
1. These individuals are definite things, they are not like the lumps
A B
and masses, nor even the limitless and motionless crystals, of
nor는 not과 연결되어 계속 부정함.
non-living matter, and they have two characteristics no dead
C no dead
matter possesses는 관계대명사절로 앞의 two characteristics를
수식하거나, 문법상 앞에 목적으로 두고 뒤에서 문장이 수식하는
경우로도 볼 수 있음.
matter possesses
2. They can ( assimilate other matter into themselves and make
A B
it part of themselves )
목적어 목적보어
4. Now scientific men are not able to explain to us either why offspring should resemble nor why they should differ from their parents. But seeing that offspring do at once resemble and differ, it is a matter rather of common sense than of scientific knowledge that, if the conditions under which a species live are changed, the species should go undergo some correlated changes. Because in any generation of the species there must be a number of individuals whose individual differences make them better adapted to the new conditions under which the species has to live, and a number whose individual differences make it rather harder for them to live. And on the whole the former sort will live longer, and reproduce themselves more abundantly than the latter; and so generation by generation the average of the species will change in the favourable direction. This process, which is called Natural Selection, is not so much a scientific theory as a necessary deduction from the facts of reproduction and individual difference. There may be many forces at work varying, destroying, and preserving species, about which science is still unaware or undecided, but the man who can deny the operation of this process of natural selection upon life since its beginning must be either ignorant of the elementary facts of life or incapable of ordinary thought.
vocabulary
1. scientific man: scientist
2. explain: state, describe
3. either A or B: A나 B 둘 중 하나 neither A nor B: A도 B도 아니다
4. differ: be different
5. at once: immediately, 여기서는 at the same time의 의미로
at once A and B = both A and B, not only A but (also) B,
B as well as A
6. rather: more exactly
7. common sense: (일반) 상식
8. undergo: experience, suffer (from)
9. correlate: have a mutual relationship or connection
10. must be: 틀림없이 있다
11. a number of: a few, several, some
12. adapt: make something suitable for a new use, situation, etc:
modify
13. rather: ① a (little) bit ② more exactly
14. on the whole: as a whole, mostly, generally
15. the former: 전자(前者)
16. the latter: 후자(後者)
17. abundant: more than enough, great in number or quantity
18. average: ① 평균 ② standard or level regarded as usual
19. favourable: pleasing, good, giving or showing approval,
helpful, suitable
20. process: a series of actions or tasks performed in order
to do something
21. Natural Selection: 자연선택
22. not so much A as B: A라기보다는 B이다 = not A so much
as B
23. deduction: conclusion reached by reasoning
24. theory: 이론
25. reproduction: 번식
26. at work: having an effect, operation, working
27. vary: be different, change
28. destroy: damage something so badly that it no longer exist or
work
29. unaware: not aware, unconscious
30. deny: say no to, disown
31. either A or B: A이거나 B이다
32. ignorant: lacking information, knowledge or education
33. elementary: of or in the early stages of a course of study,
dealing with simple or basic matters
34. incapable: not capable
35. ordinary: normal, usual, common
구문
1. Now scientific men are not able to explain to us either why
not + either = neither
offspring should resemble nor why they should differ from
their parents
2. But seeing that offspring do at once resemble and differ, it is
분사구문으로 이 문장의 주어가 가주어 it이기 때문에
it이 see할 수 없어서 이 분사구문은 because we/one/people see that offspring
do at once resemble and differ로 바꾸어 쓰거나 분사구문의 주어를 we나
one이나 people로 표시해야 함. 문법적 오류이며 이 분사구문은 이유를 의미함.
it은 가주어임.
a matter rather of common sense than of scientific knowledge
that, if the conditions under which a species live are changed,
진주어이며 under which~ changed는 분사구문으로
the conditions를 수식함.
the species should go undergo some correlated changes
3. Because / in any generation of the species / there must
부사구
be a number of individuals ( whose individual differences make them
관계대명사절로 두 개의
관계대명사절이 처음 관계대명사절에 포함됨.
better adapted to the new conditions [ under which the species has
관계대명사절
to live, and a number < whose individual differences make it rather
관계대명사절로 선행사는 a number
(of individuals)임. it은 가주어이고 for them to live가 진주어임.
harder for them to live > ] )
4. This process, which is called Natural Selection, is not so much a
관계대명사절
scientific theory as a necessary deduction from the facts of
앞의 명사를 수식하는
형용사구
reproduction and individual difference
5. There may be many forces at work varying, destroying, and
분사구문
preserving species, about which science is still unaware or
관계대명사절로 many forces at work
varying, destroying, and preserving species를 수식함.
undecided, but the man who can deny the operation of this process
관계대명사절
of natural selection upon life since its beginning must be either
ignorant of the elementary facts of life or incapable of
ordinary thought
5. Many scientific men have speculated about the first beginning of life and their speculations are often of great interest, but there is absolutely no definite knowledge and no convincing guess yet of the way in which life began. But nearly all authorities are agreed that it probably began upon mud or sand in warm sunlit shallow brackish water, and that it spread up the beaches to the intertidal lines and out to the open waters.
vocabulary
1. speculate: guess, conjecture speculation n.
2. absolutely: thoroughly, completely
3. definite: clear, final, conclusive
4. convince: cause somebody to believe that something is the case,
persuade somebody to do something
5. authority: 귄위(자)
6. probably: perhaps, maybe
7. sunlit: 햇빛이 비친
8. shallow: not deep
9. brackish: slightly salty
10. spread - spread - spread
구문
1. Many scientific men have speculated about the first beginning of
life and their speculations are often of great interest, but there
형용사구인데 of가 형용사를
만드는 역할을 함.
is absolutely no definite knowledge and no convincing guess yet of
두 개의 부정어 no가 yet과 연결되어 “아직도 아니다”
라는 의미가 됨.
the way in which life began
관계대명사절
2. But nearly all authorities are agreed ( that it probably began
upon mud or sand in warm sunlit shallow brackish water,
형용사구로 mud or sand를 수식함.
and that it spread [ up the beaches to the intertidal lines and
부사구 부사구
and는 that절 두 개를 연결하여 동사 are agreed의 목적어로 쓰임.
and는 동사 spread에 걸리는 부사구들을 연결함.
out to the open waters ] )
부사 부사구
6. That early world was a world of strong tides and currents. An incessant destruction of individuals must have been going on through their being swept up the beaches and dried, or by their being swept out to sea and sinking down out of reach of air and sun. Early conditions favoured the development of every tendency to root and hold on, every tendency to form an outer skin and casing to protect the stranded individual from immediate desiccation. From the very earliest any tendency to sensitiveness to taste would turn the individual in the direction of food, and any sensitiveness to light would assist it to struggle back out of the darkness of the sea deeps and caverns or to wriggle back out of the excessive glare of the dangerous shallows.
Probably the first shells and body armour of living things were protections against drying rather than against active enemies. But tooth and claw come early into our earthly history.
vocabulary
1. tide: 조류, 조수
2. current: a movement of water
3. incessant: no stopping, continual, continuous
4. destruction: being destroyed or action of destroying
destroy v.
5. go on: happen, take place, occur
6. out of reach: 닿지 않아서
7. favour, favor v.: support, prefer, give an advantage to
8. tendency: 경향, 방향 = direction, trend
9. hold on: survive
10. stranded: cause somebody or something to be left on the
shore and unable to return to the sea, leave somebody in
a place where they are helpless
11. immediate: happening or done at once
12. desiccation: being dried or making dried
13. sensitive: easily hurt or damaged
14. assist: help
15. struggle: try very hard, fight
16. the deep, the deeps: sea
17. cavern: a cave
18. wriggle: 기다
19. excessive: greater than normal or necessary, extreme
20. glare: a very bright and unpleasant light
21. dangerous: causing danger, risky, harmful, hazardous
22. shallows: shallow place in a river or in the sea
23. armour: 갑옷
24. enemy: foe, adversary, opponent, rival
25. earthly: of the earth
구문
1. An incessant destruction of individuals must have been going on
과거에 대한 강한 추측
/ through their being swept up the beaches and dried, or by their
부사구 부사구
being swept out to sea and sinking down out of reach of air
and sun /
2. Early conditions favoured the development of every tendency to
root and hold on, every tendency to form an outer skin and
형용사적 용법의 to부정사 형용사적 용법의 to부정사
casing to protect the stranded individual from
to protect이하는 목적으로 의미하는 to부정사임.
immediate desiccation
3. / From the very earliest / any tendency to sensitiveness to taste
부사구 형용사적
용법의 to부정사
would turn the individual / in the direction of food /, and any
부사구
sensitiveness to light would assist it ( to struggle
/ back out of the darkness of the sea deeps and caverns /
부사 및 부사구
or to wriggle / back out of the excessive glare of the
부사 및 부사구
dangerous shallows / )
4. Probably the first shells and body armour of living things were
protections against drying rather than against active enemies
형용사구 형용사구
5. But tooth and claw come / early into our earthly history /
부사 및 부사구
- H. G. Wells, “A Short History of the World” -
전체내용
IV
THE AGE OF FISHES
In the days when the world was supposed to have endured for only a few thousand years, it was supposed that the different species of plants and animals were fixed and final; they had all been created exactly as they are today, each species by itself. But as men began to discover and study the Record of the Rocks this belief gave place to the suspicion that many species had changed and developed slowly through the course of ages, and this again expanded into a belief in what is called Organic Evolution, a belief that all species of life upon Earth, animal and vegetable alike, are descended by slow continuous processes of change from some very simple ancestral form of life, some almost structureless living substance, far back in the so-called Azoic seas.
This question of Organic Revolution, like the question of the age of the earth, has in the past been the subject of much bitter controversy. There was a time when a belief in organic evolution was for rather obscure reasons supposed to be incompatible with sound Christian, Jewish, and Moslem doctrine. That time has passed, and men of the most orthodox Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Mohammedan belief are now free to accept this newer and broader view of a common origin of all living things. No life seems to have happened suddenly upon earth. Life grew and grows. Age by age, through gulfs of time at which imagination reels, life has been growing from a mere stirring in the intertidal slime towards freedom, power, and consciousness.
Life consists of individuals. These individuals are definite things, they are not like the lumps and masses, nor even the limitless and motionless crystals, of non-living matter, and they have two characteristics no dead matter possesses. They can assimilate other matter into themselves and make it part of themselves, and they can reproduce themselves. They eat and they breed. They can give rise to other individuals, for the most part like themselves, but always also a little different from themselves. There is a specific and family resemblance between an individual and its offspring, and there is an individual difference between every parent and every offspring and every offspring it produces and this is true in every species and at every stage of life.
Now scientific men are not able to explain to us either why offspring should resemble nor why they should differ from their parents. But seeing that offspring do at once resemble and differ, it is a matter rather of common sense than of scientific knowledge that, if the conditions under which a species live are changed, the species should go undergo some correlated changes. Because in any generation of the species there must be a number of individuals whose individual differences make them better adapted to the new conditions under which the species has to live, and a number whose individual differences make it rather harder for them to live. And on the whole the former sort will live longer, and reproduce themselves more abundantly than the latter; and so generation by generation the average of the species will change in the favourable direction. This process, which is called Natural Selection, is not so much a scientific theory as a necessary deduction from the facts of reproduction and individual difference. There may be many forces at work varying, destroying, and preserving species, about which science is still unaware or undecided, but the man who can deny the operation of this process of natural selection upon life since its beginning must be either ignorant of the elementary facts of life or incapable of ordinary thought.
Many scientific men have speculated about the first beginning of life and their speculations are often of great interest, but there is absolutely no definite knowledge and no convincing guess yet of the way in which life began. But nearly all authorities are agreed that it probably began upon mud or sand in warm sunlit shallow brackish water, and that it spread up the beaches to the intertidal lines and out to the open waters.
That early world was a world of strong tides and currents. An incessant destruction of individuals must have been going on through their being swept up the beaches and dried, or by their being swept out to sea and sinking down out of reach of air and sun. Early conditions favoured the development of every tendency to root and hold on, every tendency to form an outer skin and casing to protect the stranded individual from immediate desiccation. From the very earliest any tendency to sensitiveness to taste would turn the individual in the direction of food, and any sensitiveness to light would assist it to struggle back out of the darkness of the sea deeps and caverns or to wriggle back out of the excessive glare of the dangerous shallows.
Probably the first shells and body armour of living things were protections against drying rather than against active enemies. But tooth and claw come early into our earthly history.
IV
물고기 시대
세상이 겨우 몇 천 년 동안 지속된 것의 생각되던 때에는 다양한 종의 식물과 동물이 고정되어 끝났다고 예상되었다; 그것들 모두는 오늘날과 그것들과 꼭 같이 창조되었는데 각각의 종의 스스로 창조되었다. 그러나 사람들이 화석들의 기록을 발견하여 연구함에 따라서 이 믿음은 많은 종들이 시대의 흐름을 거쳐서 서서히 변화하고 발전했다는 생각에 자리를 내주었고, 이것은 다시 생명체 진화로 불리는 것에 대한 믿음인 지구상의 모든 생명체의 종은 동물과 식물 모두 같이 멀리 소위 무생물의 바다로 돌아가서 어떤 거의 구조가 없는 살아있는 물체인 어떤 매우 단순한 선조성 생명체의 형태로부터 내려온 느리고 지속적인 변화 과정에 의하여 전래되었다는 믿음으로 확대되었다.
이 생명체 혁명의 문제는, 지구의 나이에 대한 문제와 같이, 과거에는 많이 격렬한 논쟁의 주제였다. 생명체의 진화에 대한 믿음이 다소 애매한 이유로 인하여 건전한 기독교, 유태교, 무슬림 교리와 양립할 수 없다고 생각되던 때가 있었다. 그 시간은 지나갔고 가장 정통적인 가톨릭, 신교, 유태교, 그리고 무하마드의 신앙을 지닌 사람들은 이제 자유롭게 이 보다 새롭고 더 넓은 모든 살아있는 것들에 공통적 근원에 대한 견해를 수용한다. 어떤 생명체도 지구상에서 별안간 발생했던 듯이 보이지 않는다. 생명체는 자랐고 지금도 자란다. 시대에 따라서 상상력이 맴도는 시간의 격차를 통과하여, 생명체는 조류간의 점액 속의 단순한 휘젓기로부터 자유와 힘과 의식을 향하여 성장하고 있었다.
생명체는 개체들로 구성된다. 이 개체들은 명백한 것들이고 그 개체들은 덩어리나 무더기와 같지 않고 심지어 한계가 없고 움직임이 없는 살아있지 않은 물질인 수정과도 같지 않으면 그 개체들에게는 죽은 물질이 소유하고 있지 않은 두 가지 특징이 있다. 개체들은 다른 물질은 자신들 속으로 흡수하여 그 물질을 자신들의 한 부분으로 만들고 개체들은 번식할 수 있다. 개체들은 먹고 양육한다. 개체들은 대부분 자신들을 닮았지만 항상 또한 자신들과 다소 다른 개체들을 낳는다. 개체와 그 자식들 간에는 특수하고도 가족적인 유사함이 있으며, 모든 부모와 모든 자식과 모든 자식이 낳는 모든 자식 사이에는 개별적 차이점이 있으며 이것은 모든 종에서 그리고 모든 생명체의 단계에서 사실이다.
이제 과학자들은 왜 자식들이 자신들의 부보를 닮아야 하는지 혹은 왜 자식들이 자신들의 부모들과 달라야 하는지를 우리에게 설명할 수 없다. 그러나 자식들이 닮기도 하고 다르기도 한 것을 알기에, 종이 살아가는 상황이 변한다면 그 종은 어떤 공통적으로 관련된 변화를 겪어야 한다는 것은 과학적 지식의 문제라기보다는 상식의 문제이다. 종의 여하한 세대에도 개별적 차이점이 개체들로 하여금 그 종이 살아야 하는 새로운 환경에 더 잘 적응하도록 만드는 몇 가지 개체들과, 개별적 차이점이 개체들이 살아가는 것은 다소 더 어렵게 만드는 개체들이 틀림없이 있다. 그리고 대체로 전자(前者)의 종류는 후자(後者)보다 더 오래 살아서 더 풍요롭게 번식을 할 것이다; 그래서 세대마다 종의 평균은 우호적인 방향으로 바뀔 것이다. 이 과정은, 자연선택이라고 불리는데, 과학적 이론이라기보다는 번식과 개별적 차이점이라는 사실로부터 나온 필수적인 추론이다. 종을 변화시키고 파괴하고 보존하는 작동 중인 많은 힘이 있을 것인데 그 힘에 대하여 과학은 아직도 알지 못하고 결정을 내리지 못했지만 그 시작 이래 생명체에 대한 자연선택의 이 과정의 작동을 부인할 수 있는 사람들은 생명체의 기초적 사실에 대하여 무지하거나 평범한 사고가 불가능하다.
많은 과학자들은 생명체의 처음 시작에 대하여 생각하였고 그들은 생각은 흔히 매우 흥미롭지만, 아직 생명체가 시작된 방법에 대하여 절대적으로 확실한 지식도 없고 확신적인 추측도 없다. 그러나 거의 모든 권위자들은 생명체가 아마도 햇빛이 비치는 얕은 짠 물속의 진흙이나 모레 위에 시작되었다고, 그리고 생명체가 해변위로 조수간의 선까지와 바깥으로 열린 바다까지 퍼졌다는데 동의한다.
그 초기 세상은 강한 조류와 물결의 세상이었다. 개체의 부단한 파멸은 틀림없이 그들이 휩쓸려 해변으로 올라와 건조됨을 통하거나 혹은 그들이 밖으로 바다까지 휩쓸려 공기와 햇빛이 닫지 않아 가라앉음으로써 계속되고 있었다. 초기 환경은 뿌리를 내리고 생존하려는 모든 경향, 좌초된 개체를 즉각적인 건조로부터 보호하기 위하여 바깥 피부와 껍질을 형성하려는 모든 경향의 발전을 도와주었다. 태초부터 맛을 보려는 민감성의 경향은 개체를 먹을거리의 방향으로 돌려놓았고, 빛에 대한 민감성이 개체가 몸부림쳐 바다나 동굴의 어둠으로부터 빠져나오거나 위험한 옅은 물의 지나치게 강한 햇빛에서 꿈틀거리며 빠져나오는 것을 도왔다.
아마도 생명체의 초기 껍질과 몸은 활동적인 적에 대항하기보다는 건조에 대항하는 보호책이었다. 그러나 이빨과 발톱이 일찍 우리 지구 역사 속으로 들어온다.
- H. G. Wells, "A Short History of the World" -
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